Minimum Size Subarray Sum - Solution & Explanation

The Sliding Window approach keeps track of a window using two pointers and dynamically adjusts subarray boundaries to maintain valid subarrays with sums greater than or equal to the target.

1. Initialize two pointers, left and right, both set to the start of the array.

2. Use right to expand the window by including elements in the subarray until the sum is equal to or exceeds the target.

3. Once the sum reaches or exceeds the target, attempt to minimize the window from the left by incrementing left while ensuring the sum remains equal to or greater than the target.

In the C solution, we maintain a running sum of the elements included in the sliding window. We keep incrementing the right pointer to include elements into the subarray. Each time the sum equals or exceeds the target, we check for the minimal length of the valid subarray and decrement elements from the left, reducing the subarray size.

This approach uses prefix sums and binary search to find the minimal length of subarrays summing to the required target. It builds on the idea that the sum of elements from index i to j can be represented using prefix sums, allowing us to search for valid subarray boundaries efficiently.

1. Compute the prefix sums of the array, which helps us quickly calculate the sum of any subarray.

2. For each starting index, use binary search to find the smallest ending index such that the subarray sum equals or exceeds the target.

In this C solution, we utilize prefix sums and binary search to efficiently locate minimum subarray lengths that meet the target. After constructing the prefix sum array, binary search over this array finds boundaries within a subarray sum condition, reducing it to an efficient search problem.