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The two-pointer technique allows us to shift elements efficiently. We use two pointers, one for the original array and one for the new modified version. The first pointer, 'i', traverses the array to count the potential size if zeros were duplicated (up to the length of the array). The second pointer, 'j', keeps track of the position for the final result.
We use these pointers to replicate zeros and copy other elements backward from the end.
Time Complexity: O(n). We go through the array twice, so it's linear with respect to the number of elements.
Space Complexity: O(1). Apart from input, we use a constant amount of extra space.
1def duplicateZeros(arr):
2 possibleDups = 0
3 length = len(arr) - 1
4 for left in range(length + 1):
5 if left > length - possibleDups:
6 break
7 if arr[left] == 0:
8 if left == length - possibleDups:
9 arr[length] = 0
10 length -= 1
11 break
12 possibleDups += 1
13 last = length - possibleDups
14 for i in range(last, -1, -1):
15 if arr[i] == 0:
16 arr[i + possibleDups] = 0
17 possibleDups -= 1
18 arr[i + possibleDups] = 0
19 else:
20 arr[i + possibleDups] = arr[i]
21
22arr = [1, 0, 2, 3, 0, 4, 5, 0]
23duplicateZeros(arr)
24print(arr)The Python solution uses a very clear syntax to handle the in-place shifting of elements, maintaining efficiency by avoiding out-of-bound movements with the calculated stops on potentially exceeding the array length.
This approach processes the array by creating temporary space for duplicated zeros and then shifting elements accordingly. It uses a separate count to track effective elements and carefully adjusts them in-memory to avoid exceeding the bounds.
Time Complexity: O(n^2). In the worst case, each zero causes a shift of the remaining array.
Space Complexity: O(1). No extra space is used aside from input.
1#include <iostream>
void duplicateZeros(std::vector<int>& arr) {
int idx = 0;
int n = arr.size();
while (idx < n) {
if (arr[idx] == 0) {
for (int j = n - 1; j > idx; --j) {
arr[j] = arr[j - 1];
}
idx++;
}
idx++;
}
}
int main() {
std::vector<int> arr = {1, 0, 2, 3, 0, 4, 5, 0};
duplicateZeros(arr);
for (int num : arr) {
std::cout << num << " ";
}
return 0;
}In C++, the code also inserts zeros by shifting elements repeatedly to accommodate extra zeroes, effectively handling the in-place constraint imposed by direct modifications.