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This approach involves using dynamic programming with a sliding window to maintain the maximum sum at each position. For each position i in the array, calculate the maximum sum that can be achieved till that position, considering the constraint j - i <= k. Use a deque to track the indices which offer the maximum sum within the range of k.
Time Complexity: O(n), where n is the number of elements in the array nums. The space complexity is O(n) due to the storage of the dp array and deque.
1#include <stdio.h>
2#include <stdlib.h>
3#include <limits.h>
4
5int constrainedSubsequenceSum(int* nums, int numsSize, int k) {
6    int* dp = malloc(numsSize * sizeof(int));
7    int maxSum = INT_MIN;
8    int deque[numsSize];
9    int front = 0, rear = 0;
10
11    for (int i = 0; i < numsSize; i++) {
12        if (front <= rear && deque[front] < i - k) {
13            front++;
14        }
15        dp[i] = nums[i];
16        if (front <= rear) {
17            dp[i] += dp[deque[front]];
18        }
19        if (dp[i] > maxSum) {
20            maxSum = dp[i];
21        }
22        while (front <= rear && dp[deque[rear]] <= dp[i]) {
23            rear--;
24        }
25        deque[++rear] = i;
26    }
27
28    free(dp);
29    return maxSum;
30}
31
32int main() {
33    int nums[] = {10, 2, -10, 5, 20};
34    int k = 2;
35    printf("%d\n", constrainedSubsequenceSum(nums, 5, k));
36    return 0;
37}The solution uses a dynamic programming array to store the maximum sum possible up to each index. It utilizes a deque to maintain useful indices that help in calculating the needed maximum sum over the moving window of size k without having to recompute every time.
By using a priority queue (or heap), we manage the maximum possible sum within the constraint more efficiently. We employ dynamic programming to calculate the possible maximal sum at each index while maintaining a priority queue to keep track of the relevant maximum sums.
Time Complexity: O(n log k) primarily due to heap operations. Space Complexity: O(n) is utilized by the dp array and the heap.
1using System.Collections.Generic;
class Program {
    public static int ConstrainedSubsequenceSum(int[] nums, int k) {
        SortedDictionary<int, List<int>> map = new SortedDictionary<int, List<int>>(Comparer<int>.Create((x, y) => y.CompareTo(x)));
        int[] dp = new int[nums.Length];
        dp[0] = nums[0];
        if (!map.ContainsKey(nums[0])) map[nums[0]] = new List<int>();
        map[nums[0]].Add(0);
        int maxSum = nums[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < nums.Length; i++) {
            if (map.TryGetValue(map.Keys.GetEnumerator().Current, out List<int> indices) && indices[0] < i - k) {
                int v = indices[0];
                if (map[v].Count == 1) map.Remove(v);
                else map[v].RemoveAt(0);
            }
            int maxPrior = map.Keys.GetEnumerator().Current;
            dp[i] = nums[i] + maxPrior;
            if (!map.ContainsKey(dp[i])) map[dp[i]] = new List<int>();
            map[dp[i]].Add(i);
            maxSum = Math.Max(maxSum, dp[i]);
        }
        return maxSum;
    }
    static void Main(string[] args) {
        int[] nums = { 10, 2, -10, 5, 20 };
        int k = 2;
        Console.WriteLine(ConstrainedSubsequenceSum(nums, k));
    }
}This C# utilizes a dictionary to maintain the highest attainable sequence sums in their respective windows, enhancing optimization over dynamic windows and constraints.